This indicator covers both government bonds and corporate bonds. Government bonds comprise central government bonds (Malaysian Government Securities and Government Investment Issues) and treasury bills; central bank bills; and other government bonds, which include Khazanah Bonds issued by Khazanah Nasional Berhad, Cagamas Bonds and Notes, Bithaman Ajil Islamic Securities, Sanadat ABBA Cagamas, and Sanadat Mudharabah Cagamas issued by Cagamas Berhad. Corporate bonds comprise private debt securities issued by corporations.

1. LCY bonds outstanding data obtained from Bank Negara Malaysia.

2. End-of-period exchange rates used are from Bloomberg, LP.