{"id":3279,"date":"2025-06-05T13:01:47","date_gmt":"2025-06-05T13:01:47","guid":{"rendered":".\/\/?page_id=3279"},"modified":"2025-08-01T11:43:42","modified_gmt":"2025-08-01T03:43:42","slug":"fiscal-asia-adb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":".\/\/fiscal-asia-adb\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiscal Asia &#8211; ADB"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3279\" class=\"elementor elementor-3279\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ea67a9 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1ea67a9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4694a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bf4694a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32e16c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"32e16c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Fiscal Asia is the online hub of fiscal data and analysis for Developing Asian economies. <\/p>\nThe content is thematically organized to encourage policy discussion among stakeholders within the region.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-082cb77 e-con-full elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"082cb77\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b45d19 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-embedpres_elementor\" data-id=\"0b45d19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"embedpres_elementor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"embedpress-elements-wrapper  \" id=\"ep-elements-id-0b45d19\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ep-elementor-content-0b45d19\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-elementor-content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  ep-content-protection-disabled\t\t\t\t\tsource-default\t\t\t\t\t\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"0b45d19\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-embed-content-wrapper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tep-google-photos-\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ep-elementor-content-0b45d19\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-elementor-content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  ep-content-protection-disabled\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsource-default\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"0b45d19\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-embed-content-wraper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ose-wrapper ose-uid-1d2569cba4e3ae25630d6255664a78cd ose-embedpress-responsive\" style=\"width:600px; height:270px; max-height:270px; max-width:100%; display:inline-block;\"><iframe allowFullScreen=\"true\" width=\"600\" height=\"270\" src=\".\/\/2025\/07\/30\/fiscalasia-main-carousel\/\" > <\/iframe><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e28f9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e28f9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06c8def elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"06c8def\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#spotlight\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Fiscal Indicators<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8810bed elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8810bed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#research\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">ADB Fiscal Research and Publications<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72b02df elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"72b02df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#events\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Events<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2826bb4 elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2826bb4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b61905 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b61905\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><p>Fiscal Asia is the online hub of fiscal data and analysis for Developing Asian economies. <\/p>\nThe content is thematically organized to encourage policy discussion among stakeholders within the region.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f648e5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f648e5d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b1909b elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-embedpres_elementor\" data-id=\"9b1909b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"embedpres_elementor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"embedpress-elements-wrapper  \" id=\"ep-elements-id-9b1909b\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ep-elementor-content-9b1909b\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-elementor-content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  ep-content-protection-disabled\t\t\t\t\tsource-default\t\t\t\t\t\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"9b1909b\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-embed-content-wrapper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tep-google-photos-\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ep-elementor-content-9b1909b\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-elementor-content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  ep-content-protection-disabled\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsource-default\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"9b1909b\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-embed-content-wraper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ose-wrapper ose-uid-1195f8075bb45fc104d6fae9285f2b3a ose-embedpress-responsive\" style=\"width:600px; height:270px; max-height:270px; max-width:100%; display:inline-block;\"><iframe allowFullScreen=\"true\" width=\"600\" height=\"270\" src=\".\/\/2025\/07\/31\/fiscalasia-main-carousel-mobile\/\" > <\/iframe><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-332288a elementor-hidden-desktop e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"332288a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccce2ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccce2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e796b0e elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e796b0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#spotlight\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Fiscal Indicators<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-647d00d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"647d00d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a35e180 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a35e180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#research\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">ADB Fiscal Research and Publications<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f550c55 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f550c55\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28e5de elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b28e5de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#events\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Events<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-defb5bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"defb5bd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c8abb9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5c8abb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545704 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8545704\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdce43e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fdce43e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-168c53b elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"168c53b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"spotlight\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-567b6e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"567b6e5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc0c22 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbc0c22\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-677a52c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"677a52c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fiscal Indicators<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d2b3a elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87d2b3a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50b42cc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"50b42cc\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df70181 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df70181\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b88236 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"3b88236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\".\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/icon-fiscal-indicator-debt.png\" title=\"Fiscal and Debt indicators\" alt=\"Fiscal Indicator-Revenue and Expenditures-icon\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">REVENUE and EXPENDITURE<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d2feb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d2feb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be32c81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"be32c81\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8184915 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8184915\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<a class=\"eael-wrapper-link-99df1f4 --eael-wrapper-link-tag\" href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-debt\/\"><\/a>\t\t<div data-eael-wrapper-link=\"eael-wrapper-link-99df1f4\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99df1f4 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"99df1f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-debt\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\".\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/debt-fiscal-indicator-r7prczlskyz18yfvsbzlyqthaext34nbgjbvkpx5u2.png\" title=\"Subnational Data of ASEAN\" alt=\"Debt - Fiscal Indicators-icon\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-debt\/\">DEBT<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-792c8ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"792c8ec\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<a class=\"eael-wrapper-link-5fe81f7 --eael-wrapper-link-tag\" href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-climate\/\"><\/a>\t\t<div data-eael-wrapper-link=\"eael-wrapper-link-5fe81f7\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fe81f7 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"5fe81f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-climate\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\".\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/climate-FISCAL-INDICATOR.png\" title=\"Climate Change Budget Tracking\" alt=\"CLIMATE - FISCAL INDICATOR-icon\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-climate\/\">ENVIRONMENT<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bebf813 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bebf813\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<a class=\"eael-wrapper-link-7329d12 --eael-wrapper-link-tag\" href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-health\/\"><\/a>\t\t<div data-eael-wrapper-link=\"eael-wrapper-link-7329d12\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7329d12 elementor-position-left elementor-vertical-align-middle elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"7329d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-health\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\".\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/icon-health-grey-template2.png\" title=\"Health Expenditures in Developing Asia\" alt=\"Health - Fiscal Indicators-icon\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-health\/\">HEALTH<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f2c48f elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f2c48f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef1f63a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ef1f63a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e73fe elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"75e73fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb39182 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fb39182\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7af95b2 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet pp-info-box-mobile-left pp-info-box-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-pp-info-box\" data-id=\"7af95b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"pp-info-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"pp-info-box-container\" href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-debt\/\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-info-box-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\".\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/icon-fiscal-indicator-debt-r7prcuwlklus2080ttwx0h299mde31yvhau6v9l9p4.png\" title=\"Fiscal and Debt indicators\" alt=\"Fiscal Indicator-Revenue and Expenditures-icon\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"pp-info-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tREVENUE and EXPENDITURE\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4eb1c6 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b4eb1c6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-154e6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"154e6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cebed0d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cebed0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a4b30c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a4b30c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a60017f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a60017f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">This dashboard\u00a0provides\u00a0data on tax and non-tax revenue statistics and expenditure indicators for selected economies in Developing Asia.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e103b7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5e103b7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22d44cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22d44cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"viz1733385737207\" class=\"tableauPlaceholder\" style=\"position: relative;\"><noscript><a href='#'><img alt='Fiscal2 ' src='https:&#47;&#47;public.tableau.com&#47;static&#47;images&#47;Re&#47;Revenueandexpenditure_17308816401840&#47;Fiscal2&#47;1_rss.png' style='border: none' \/><\/a><\/noscript><object class=\"tableauViz\" style=\"display: none;\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\"><param name=\"host_url\" value=\"https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.tableau.com%2F\" \/> <param name=\"embed_code_version\" value=\"3\" \/> <param name=\"site_root\" value=\"\" \/><param name=\"name\" value=\"Revenueandexpenditure_17308816401840\/Fiscal2\" \/><param name=\"tabs\" value=\"no\" \/><param name=\"toolbar\" value=\"yes\" \/><param name=\"static_image\" value=\"https:\/\/public.tableau.com\/static\/images\/Re\/Revenueandexpenditure_17308816401840\/Fiscal2\/1.png\" \/> <param name=\"animate_transition\" value=\"yes\" \/><param name=\"display_static_image\" value=\"yes\" \/><param name=\"display_spinner\" value=\"yes\" \/><param name=\"display_overlay\" value=\"yes\" \/><param name=\"display_count\" value=\"yes\" \/><param name=\"language\" value=\"en-US\" \/><\/object><\/div><p><script type='text\/javascript'>                    var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1733385737207');                    var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0];                    if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.width='1028px';vizElement.style.height='1227px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='1327px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='2327px';}                     var scriptElement = document.createElement('script');                    scriptElement.src = 'https:\/\/public.tableau.com\/javascripts\/api\/viz_v1.js';                    vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement);                <\/script><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c1b839 elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8c1b839\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\".\/\/feedback-form\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Bulk Download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b21a60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2b21a60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b75ff elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet pp-info-box-mobile-left pp-info-box-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-pp-info-box\" data-id=\"70b75ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"pp-info-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"pp-info-box-container\" href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-debt\/\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-info-box-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\".\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/debt-fiscal-indicator-r7prczlsis17o2172dy1uxvk8jq85jhj5y3m9neau0.png\" title=\"Subnational Data of ASEAN\" alt=\"Debt - Fiscal Indicators-icon\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"pp-info-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDEBT\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae5cfc elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet pp-info-box-mobile-left pp-info-box-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-pp-info-box\" data-id=\"3ae5cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"pp-info-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"pp-info-box-container\" href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-climate\/\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-info-box-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\".\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/climate-FISCAL-INDICATOR-r7prczlsis17o2172dy1uxvk8jq85jhj5y3m9neau0.png\" title=\"Climate Change Budget Tracking\" alt=\"CLIMATE - FISCAL INDICATOR-icon\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"pp-info-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tENVIRONMENT\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb3c630 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet pp-info-box-mobile-left pp-info-box-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-pp-info-box\" data-id=\"cb3c630\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"pp-info-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"pp-info-box-container\" href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-health\/\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-info-box-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\".\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/icon-health-grey-template2-r7prczlsis17o2172dy1uxvk8jq85jhj5y3m9neau0.png\" title=\"Health Expenditures in Developing Asia\" alt=\"Health - Fiscal Indicators-icon\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"pp-info-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHEALTH\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64db712 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet pp-info-box-mobile-left elementor-hidden-mobile pp-info-box-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-pp-info-box\" data-id=\"64db712\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"pp-info-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"pp-info-box-container\" href=\".\/\/fiscal-indicator-gender\/\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-icon-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pp-info-box-icon pp-icon\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\".\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/icon-gender-grey-template-2-r7prczlsis17o2172dy1uxvk8jq85jhj5y3m9neau0.png\" title=\"Gender Indicators in Developing Asia\" alt=\"Gender Indicators in Developing Asia-icon\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pp-info-box-title-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"pp-info-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGENDER\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caea725 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"caea725\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d2465 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47d2465\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8f598c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e8f598c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e490d6a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e490d6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeef574 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"aeef574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"research\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53aaf63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"53aaf63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ADB Fiscal Research and Publications<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6e1541 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6e1541\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">ADB Fiscal Research and Publications include working papers from the Asian Development Outlook 2022 Theme Chapter, Mobilizing Taxes for Development, as well as research outputs from the Technical Assistance Project on Fiscal Policy for Green and Inclusive Development.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1313be9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1313be9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e17ed65 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e17ed65\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7dca5 e-con-full section-first e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df7dca5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97aef35 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"97aef35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"159051573\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1590515731\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1590515731\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t2025\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1590515732\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1590515732\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t2024\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1590515733\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1590515733\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t2022\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1590515731\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1590515731\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-873a799 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"873a799\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1fa15a elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"f1fa15a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2530\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2530\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Health spending efficiency in developing Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2530\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3e1e33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3e1e33\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1cb6d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1cb6d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1049007824001647?dgcid=author\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic put significant stress on health systems and brought to the fore the importance of efficient health spending. Among the subregions of developing Asia, East Asia exhibits the highest technical efficiency. Expanding the service coverage of universal healthcare enhances the realization of health outcomes, while leveraging the concentration of population improves the effective utilization of health budgets. Moreover, Caucasus and Central Asia has the highest allocative efficiency. Overall, developing Asia has substantial room for improvement in efficiency, with a primary focus on technical efficiency.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Donna Faye Bajaro, Yothin Jinjarak, Yuho Myoda, Donghyun Park, Pilipinas Quising<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1590515732\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1590515732\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-66d9b0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"66d9b0e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a177227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"a177227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1690\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1690\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Disaster Risk, Inequality, and Fiscal Sustainability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1690\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb5cd1b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fb5cd1b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-021654b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"021654b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/disaster-risk-inequality-fiscal-sustainability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using panel data, the findings suggest that rising climate-related disaster risks raise government debt and undermine fiscal sustainability, with low-income households bearing the brunt of the impact. According to a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model, disaster risk generates recessions and increases inequality, particularly among \u201chand-to-mouth\u201d agents. The paper also shows a considerable increase in sovereign debt due to disaster risk, and it recommends targeted transfers while cautioning against the fiscal cost of progressive taxes.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Le, Anh H. Le, Donghyun Park, John Beirne, Gazi Salah Uddin<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1691\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1691\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Impact of Climate Risk on Fiscal Space: Do Political Stability and Financial Development Matter? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1691\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fd135c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1fd135c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b507295 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b507295\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/impact-climate-risk-fiscal-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The findings highlight the impact on economies most vulnerable to climate change. The results suggest that factors such as political stability and financial development have the potential to alleviate these effects. It reveals that the influence of climate risk on fiscal capacity is more significant in situations of limited fiscal space. Implementing fiscal consolidation emerges as a crucial factor in mitigating the negative impact of climate risks on fiscal capacity, with political stability and financial development also playing pivotal roles.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>John Beirne, Donghyun Park, Jamel Saadaoui, Gazi Salah Uddin<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1692\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1692\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Debt Shocks and the Dynamics of Output and Inflation in Emerging Economies <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1692\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d4069 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72d4069\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3885ac5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3885ac5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/debt-shocks-dynamics-output-inflation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unexpected increases in public debt lead to significant declines in real gross domestic product and increases in inflation. Initial debt levels, domestic financial conditions, and income levels intensify the gross domestic product decline, while tighter global financial conditions mitigate these effects. Inflation impacts vary depending on fundamentals. The paper also identifies nonlinearities in the dynamics, with amplified effects during economic downturns.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>John Beirne, Nuobu Renzhi<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1693\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1693\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Public versus Private Investment Multipliers in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Cross-Country Analysis with a Focus on Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1693\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3abea19 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3abea19\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4440726 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4440726\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/public-versus-private-investment-multipliers-emdes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The results suggest that public investment shocks play a much greater role in boosting economic growth in comparison with private investment shocks. In emerging market and developing economies, including those in Asia, the growth response to investment shocks is positive and much stronger during recessions compared with economic expansions. Investment shocks also stimulate private investment and private consumption.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Jo\u00e3o Tovar Jalles, Donghyun Park, Irfan Qureshi\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1694\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1694\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Growth-Enhancing Taxes <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1694\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10e072 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a10e072\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bc0f88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bc0f88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/growth-enhancing-taxes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Macroeconomic and institutional factors such as low inflation and strong governance reinforce the growth-enhancing effect of taxes, but these results are conditional on the income level of the economy. The findings of this study imply that the effect of taxes on growth should be evaluated within macroeconomic and structural constraints.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>David de Padua, Mae Hyacinth Kiocho, Donghyun Park<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1695\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1695\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Estimating Structural Budget Balances in Developing Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1695\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7ddcd0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7ddcd0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-179de77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"179de77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/structural-budget-balances-developing-asia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An empirical application to developing Asian economies is carried out. There is no one-size fits all type of approach and the sensitivity and discernment regarding specific economies are important in various stages.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em> Jo\u00e3o Tovar Jalles<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1590515733\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1590515733\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-99ee1f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99ee1f4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77ed9a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"77ed9a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1250\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1250\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Developing Asia\u2019s Fiscal Landscape and Challenges <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1250\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-188aa5b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"188aa5b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3494c6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3494c6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/developing-asia-fiscal-landscape-challenges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Analysis drawing on newly compiled data shows that while tax revenues in developing Asia steadily rose in the 2 decades before the COVID\u201319 pandemic, they continued to lag well behind high-income economies and some developing peers. The region relies on indirect taxes, creating a relatively efficient but less progressive tax structure, while government expenditures on education and health were comparatively modest.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Eugenia Go, Samuel Hill, Maria Hanna Jaber, Yothin Jinjarak, Donghyun Park, Anton Ragos<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1251\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1251\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Buoyant or Sinking? Tax Revenue Performance and Prospects in Developing Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1251\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6070ae9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6070ae9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26953c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b26953c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/tax-revenue-performance-developing-asia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Analysis suggests that short- and long-run tax buoyancy in developing Asia were close to one before COVID-19, indicating fiscal sustainability. The study estimates that in 2020 the pandemic caused these economies to lose average excess tax revenue equal to half a percentage point of 2019 GDP. It also finds that tax-to-GDP ratios are projected to improve toward 2030 in a majority of developing Asian economies, other things held constant.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Samuel Hill, Yothin Jinjarak, Donghyun Park<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1252\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1252\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Asian Development Outlook (ADO) 2022: Mobilizing Taxes for Development <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1252\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e7a697 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6e7a697\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7ef1cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7ef1cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/outlook\/editions\/april-2022\/theme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tax revenue can be increased by improving the collection of existing taxes as well as tapping new areas. On average, economies in the region could boost tax revenues by up to 3% to 4% of GDP.<\/a><\/div><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/outlook\/editions\/april-2022\/theme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More revenue can be raised through personal income and property taxes. Governments can also raise taxes on harmful products, put a price on carbon emissions, formalize the shadow economy, and collect taxes on the fast-growing digital economy.<\/a><\/div><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/outlook\/editions\/april-2022\/theme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fiscal reforms in developing Asia should be supported by better tax administration to make it easier for taxpayers to pay taxes, as well as high-quality public spending to secure public support.<\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-521823d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"521823d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a85b87f e-con-full section-last e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a85b87f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a4e2ac e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"9a4e2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"161800876\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1618008761\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1618008761\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t2024\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1618008762\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1618008762\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t2022\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1618008763\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1618008763\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t2021\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1618008761\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1618008761\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-7ab9289 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ab9289\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75a956a elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"75a956a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1230\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1230\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Disaster Risk, Inequality, and Fiscal Sustainability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1230\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b96ba81 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b96ba81\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28260f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b28260f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/disaster-risk-inequality-fiscal-sustainability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using panel data, the findings suggest that rising climate-related disaster risks raise government debt and undermine fiscal sustainability, with low-income households bearing the brunt of the impact. According to a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model, disaster risk generates recessions and increases inequality, particularly among \u201chand-to-mouth\u201d agents. The paper also shows a considerable increase in sovereign debt due to disaster risk, and it recommends targeted transfers while cautioning against the fiscal cost of progressive taxes.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Le, Anh H. Le, Donghyun Park, John Beirne, Gazi Salah Uddin<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1231\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1231\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Impact of Climate Risk on Fiscal Space: Do Political Stability and Financial Development Matter? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1231\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a64e955 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a64e955\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1183e48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1183e48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/impact-climate-risk-fiscal-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The findings highlight the impact on economies most vulnerable to climate change. The results suggest that factors such as political stability and financial development have the potential to alleviate these effects. It reveals that the influence of climate risk on fiscal capacity is more significant in situations of limited fiscal space. Implementing fiscal consolidation emerges as a crucial factor in mitigating the negative impact of climate risks on fiscal capacity, with political stability and financial development also playing pivotal roles.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>John Beirne, Donghyun Park, Jamel Saadaoui, Gazi Salah Uddin<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1232\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1232\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Debt Shocks and the Dynamics of Output and Inflation in Emerging Economies <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1232\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3881ebc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3881ebc\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-075f18f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"075f18f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/debt-shocks-dynamics-output-inflation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unexpected increases in public debt lead to significant declines in real gross domestic product and increases in inflation. Initial debt levels, domestic financial conditions, and income levels intensify the gross domestic product decline, while tighter global financial conditions mitigate these effects. Inflation impacts vary depending on fundamentals. The paper also identifies nonlinearities in the dynamics, with amplified effects during economic downturns.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>John Beirne, Nuobu Renzhi<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1233\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1233\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Public versus Private Investment Multipliers in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Cross-Country Analysis with a Focus on Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1233\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b59ca82 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b59ca82\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e02a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2e02a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/impact-climate-risk-fiscal-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The findings highlight the impact on economies most vulnerable to climate change. The results suggest that factors such as political stability and financial development have the potential to alleviate these effects. It reveals that the influence of climate risk on fiscal capacity is more significant in situations of limited fiscal space. Implementing fiscal consolidation emerges as a crucial factor in mitigating the negative impact of climate risks on fiscal capacity, with political stability and financial development also playing pivotal roles.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Jo\u00e3o Tovar Jalles, Donghyun Park, Irfan Qureshi\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1234\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1234\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Growth-Enhancing Taxes <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1234\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c68690 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c68690\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e4323e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e4323e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/growth-enhancing-taxes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Macroeconomic and institutional factors such as low inflation and strong governance reinforce the growth-enhancing effect of taxes, but these results are conditional on the income level of the economy. The findings of this study imply that the effect of taxes on growth should be evaluated within macroeconomic and structural constraints.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>David de Padua, Mae Hyacinth Kiocho, Donghyun Park<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1235\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1235\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Estimating Structural Budget Balances in Developing Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1235\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489b5e7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"489b5e7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bb077e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bb077e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/structural-budget-balances-developing-asia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An empirical application to developing Asian economies is carried out. There is no one-size fits all type of approach and the sensitivity and discernment regarding specific economies are important in various stages.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Jo\u00e3o Tovar Jalles<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1618008762\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1618008762\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-fa067cb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fa067cb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4788c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"4788c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-7500\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-7500\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Developing Asia\u2019s Fiscal Landscape and Challenges <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-7500\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5887ad7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5887ad7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf173f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf173f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/developing-asia-fiscal-landscape-challenges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Analysis drawing on newly compiled data shows that while tax revenues in developing Asia steadily rose in the 2 decades before the COVID\u201319 pandemic, they continued to lag well behind high-income economies and some developing peers. The region relies on indirect taxes, creating a relatively efficient but less progressive tax structure, while government expenditures on education and health were comparatively modest.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Eugenia Go, Samuel Hill, Maria Hanna Jaber, Yothin Jinjarak, Donghyun Park, Anton Ragos<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-7501\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-7501\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Buoyant or Sinking? Tax Revenue Performance and Prospects in Developing Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-7501\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9350e0e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9350e0e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-549c20f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"549c20f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/tax-revenue-performance-developing-asia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Analysis suggests that short- and long-run tax buoyancy in developing Asia were close to one before COVID-19, indicating fiscal sustainability. The study estimates that in 2020 the pandemic caused these economies to lose average excess tax revenue equal to half a percentage point of 2019 GDP. It also finds that tax-to-GDP ratios are projected to improve toward 2030 in a majority of developing Asian economies, other things held constant.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Samuel Hill, Yothin Jinjarak, Donghyun Park<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-7502\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-7502\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Asian Development Outlook (ADO) 2022: Mobilizing Taxes for Development <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-7502\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62e1b54 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62e1b54\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-615ca0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"615ca0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/outlook\/editions\/april-2022\/theme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tax revenue can be increased by improving the collection of existing taxes as well as tapping new areas. On average, economies in the region could boost tax revenues by up to 3% to 4% of GDP.<\/a><\/div><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/outlook\/editions\/april-2022\/theme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More revenue can be raised through personal income and property taxes. Governments can also raise taxes on harmful products, put a price on carbon emissions, formalize the shadow economy, and collect taxes on the fast-growing digital economy.<\/a><\/div><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ewa-rteLine\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/outlook\/editions\/april-2022\/theme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fiscal reforms in developing Asia should be supported by better tax administration to make it easier for taxpayers to pay taxes, as well as high-quality public spending to secure public support.<\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1618008763\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1618008763\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-7968eaf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7968eaf\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e699af elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"2e699af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-4860\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-4860\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Large Fiscal Episodes and Sustainable Development: Some International Evidence  <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4860\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-063c5f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"063c5f4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a6d185 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a6d185\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/large-fiscal-episodes-sustainable-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It finds patterns in the linkages between large fiscal episodes and sustainable development outcomes. The findings suggest that domestic resource mobilization should consider differences in the tax base and government expenditure and their linkages with the sustainable development outcomes.<\/a><\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Joshua Aizenman, Yothin Jinjarak, Hien Thi Kim Nguyen, Donghyun Park<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-4861\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-4861\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Green Revenues for Greener Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4861\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adef94 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8adef94\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7dad62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b7dad62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/institutional-document\/782851\/ado2022bp-green-revenues-greener-asia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asian countries have been facing various environmental problems, ranging from air and water pollution to climate change. At the same time, many people seek higher income and further economic development, which requires more government revenue. This paper introduces carbon pricing, environmental tax, and emissions trading schemes, all schemes that can help achieve the two objectives: environmental conservation and revenue raising. The paper reviews experiences from the implementation of these policy instruments from the perspective of raising revenue and the effectiveness in environmental conservation with focus on Asia. Specifically, the experiences in India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the People\u2019s Republic of China, and Singapore show that governments can raise revenue while reducing emissions. We conclude our paper with policy implications.<\/a><\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>T. H. Arimura, M. Chattopadhyay, N. Dendup, and S. (G) Tian<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-4862\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-4862\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fiscal Policy for Inclusive Growth in Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4862\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a223973 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a223973\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b289b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8b289b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/institutional-document\/782851\/ado2022bp-fiscal-policy-inclusive-growth-asia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This paper discusses how fiscal policy can help foster more inclusive growth in developing Asia. On average, government expenditures in developing Asia are higher, as a share of gross domestic product, than those in Latin America and the Caribbean. Relative to Latin America, developing Asia spends more on social benefits, but less on education and health. While general government revenues have risen since 2000, they are still not sufficient to fully fund targeted transfer programs and provide adequate in-kind benefits to the population. Against this background, this paper discusses priorities for policy reforms as countries in the region seek more inclusiveness and confront the effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The paper finds that eliminating inefficiencies in health, education, and public investment, for example, would generate the equivalent of 3% of gross domestic product. Savings from curtailing subsidies for fossil fuels would also generate resources for expanding redistributive spending. Reallocating health spending toward primary care, and education spending toward primary and secondary education, would help lead to more equitable growth. There is also scope to raise spending on social benefits and better target them to the poor.<\/a><\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>B. Clements, S. Gupta, and J.T. Jalles<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-4863\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-4863\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Priorities for Strengthening Key Revenue Sources in Asia <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4863\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-841fe1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"841fe1d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72987e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72987e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/institutional-document\/782851\/ado2022bp-strengthening-revenue-sources-asia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This paper discusses the evolution of key taxes in the past 20 years in developing Asia and fiscal challenges that these countries face in light of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. It presents estimates of tax capacity and tax potential, and discusses the productivity of key taxes in the region. The paper finds that developing Asia has potential to raise more revenues\u2014of up to 4% of gross domestic product on average. While corporate income tax productivity is high vis-\u00e0-vis other regions, the same does not apply to personal income tax or the value-added tax. There is potential to raise more revenues by improving the compliance and design of the value-added tax. It is important to ensure that the tax systems in developing Asia become more progressive with expansion of personal income and property taxes. Increased allocations and better targeting of social spending would help offset some of the regressivity stemming from indirect taxes. An important source of revenue leakage is tax expenditures granted by countries in the region.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Sanjeev Gupta, Jo\u00e3o Tovar Jalles<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-4864\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-4864\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Meeting Health Challenges in Developing Asia with Corrective Taxes on Alcohol, Tobacco, and Unhealthy Foods <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4864\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dbc6ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8dbc6ef\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ce1d14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ce1d14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/institutional-document\/782851\/ado2022bp-health-challenges-asia-corrective-taxes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Corrective taxes are viewed as an effective tool to reduce or deter harmful consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), including as \u201cbest buys\u201d for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) complementing other harm reduction measures, e.g., regulation and health promotion and information. Corrective taxes also support domestic revenue mobilization.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Christopher Lane<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-4865\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-4865\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Successful Tax Reforms in the Recent International Experience: Lessons in Political Economy and the Nuts and Bolts of Increasing Country Tax Revenue Effort <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4865\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c1a5e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c1a5e0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a0bd6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a0bd6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/institutional-document\/782851\/ado2022bp-tax-reforms-experience-lessons.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The main objective of this paper is to extract practical lessons on increasing tax revenue effort that are relevant to developing countries. Specifically, it focuses on insights from two dimensions: the political economy requirements to generate public support for reform, and the technical factors (nuts and bolts) of substantially increasing tax revenue effort. The general topics covered include the political economy preconditions that facilitate tax reform, how and by whom tax reform should be implemented, the timing of reform efforts, determinants of current tax effort, tax policy choice options, tax administration options, and the enhancement of tax morale and compliance norms. The paper also profiles successful examples of recent tax reforms from 29 countries worldwide. It concludes with lessons from both the literature and these countries\u2019 experiences, empowering reform-minded politicians and administrators to shape their own jurisdictions\u2019 strategies for increasing tax revenue effort.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><br \/><em>Jorge Martinez-Vazquez<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-4866\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-4866\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Taxing Developing Asia\u2019s Digital Economy <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M177 159.7l136 136c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-22.6 22.6c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L160 255.9l-96.4 96.4c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 329.7c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l136-136c9.4-9.5 24.6-9.5 34-.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-4866\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ef1149 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ef1149\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-465638a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"465638a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/institutional-document\/782851\/ado2022bp-taxing-developing-asia-digital-economy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The rise of the digital economy has challenged the traditional tax systems for all the major taxes, with particular concerns about tax planning by multinational enterprises. The challenges with the taxation of the digital economy have led to tax reform initiatives that could significantly reform the current tax systems and enhance the taxation of the digital economy. This paper considers these reforms and the response of developing Asia to these reforms, and finds that the response has been mixed, with developed countries more likely to adopt the reforms. Despite these reforms, the revenue impact for developing Asia will likely be small. The paper concludes by setting out tax reform strategies that could be adopted in developing Asia to address the taxation of the digital economy.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><br \/><em>Peter Mullins<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1337aee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1337aee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45b3683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"45b3683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739fa44 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"739fa44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\".\/\/adb-fiscal-research-and-publications-2\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Load More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8393db e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a8393db\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b06a16 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2b06a16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a50855 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2a50855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5557f64 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5557f64\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a8680c elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"4a8680c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"events\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d196b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6d196b1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dc4db7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3dc4db7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Events<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-180a466 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"180a466\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7020bd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7020bd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">This events page contains links to calls for papers and workshop materials under Technical Assistance Project on Fiscal Policy for Green and Inclusive Development.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a5602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"89a5602\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e179d elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-embedpres_elementor\" data-id=\"a2e179d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"embedpres_elementor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"embedpress-elements-wrapper  \" id=\"ep-elements-id-a2e179d\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ep-elementor-content-a2e179d\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-elementor-content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  ep-content-protection-disabled\t\t\t\t\tsource-default\t\t\t\t\t\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"a2e179d\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-embed-content-wrapper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tep-google-photos-\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-id=\"74763b7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98d7001 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"98d7001\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\".\/\/events\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Load More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c05a75 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9c05a75\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded98ef elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ded98ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5390566 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5390566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98cd862 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"98cd862\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15b966 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d15b966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"news\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-809cd90 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"809cd90\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d11e80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d11e80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">News<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ecc7b7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0ecc7b7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddc0337 elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-embedpres_elementor\" data-id=\"ddc0337\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"embedpres_elementor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"embedpress-elements-wrapper  \" id=\"ep-elements-id-ddc0337\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ep-elementor-content-ddc0337\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-elementor-content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  ep-content-protection-disabled\t\t\t\t\tsource-default\t\t\t\t\t\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ddc0337\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-embed-content-wrapper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tep-google-photos-\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ep-elementor-content-ddc0337\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-elementor-content\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  ep-content-protection-disabled\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsource-default\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ddc0337\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"ep-embed-content-wraper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ose-wrapper ose-uid-1ac4165188b26c1b9f7d33f45b44e7c5 ose-embedpress-responsive\" style=\"width:1140px; height:200px; max-height:200px; max-width:100%; display:inline-block;\"><iframe allowFullScreen=\"true\" width=\"1140\" height=\"200\" src=\".\/\/news\/\" > <\/iframe><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e23fcf9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e23fcf9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bb6e0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2bb6e0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b860eb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b860eb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Useful Links<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262a836 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"262a836\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c16eaa elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"1c16eaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/what-we-do\/asia-pacific-tax-hub\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-genderless\" viewBox=\"0 0 288 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M144 176c44.1 0 80 35.9 80 80s-35.9 80-80 80-80-35.9-80-80 35.9-80 80-80m0-64C64.5 112 0 176.5 0 256s64.5 144 144 144 144-64.5 144-144-64.5-144-144-144z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"> Asia Pacific Tax Hub<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.adb.org\/archive\/subject\/36656\" target=\"_blank\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-genderless\" viewBox=\"0 0 288 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M144 176c44.1 0 80 35.9 80 80s-35.9 80-80 80-80-35.9-80-80 35.9-80 80-80m0-64C64.5 112 0 176.5 0 256s64.5 144 144 144 144-64.5 144-144-64.5-144-144-144z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Asian Development Blog: Taxation and Domestic Resource Mobilization<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18ab023 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18ab023\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d3927 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e9d3927\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e3c554 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2e3c554\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de75444 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"de75444\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3dcfce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3dcfce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\">The development of this content was made possible with the support of TA 6961: Fiscal Policy for Green and Inclusive Development \u00a0Subproject 2: Expenditure Policies and Fiscal Management for Green and Inclusive Growth.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div><span style=\"color: #007bff;\">Disclaimer<\/span><\/div><div>The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div><span style=\"color: #007bff;\">Contact Us<\/span><\/div><div>For further details and information about FiscalAsia, email fiscalasia@adb.org<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55596ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"55596ce\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150435e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"150435e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fiscal Asia is the online hub of fiscal data and analysis for Developing Asian economies. The content is thematically organized to encourage policy discussion among stakeholders within the region. Fiscal Indicators ADB Fiscal Research and Publications Events Fiscal Asia is the online hub of fiscal data and analysis for Developing Asian economies. The content is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3279","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":".\/\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":".\/\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":".\/\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":".\/\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":".\/\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3279"}],"version-history":[{"count":385,"href":".\/\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6615,"href":".\/\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3279\/revisions\/6615"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":".\/\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}