Financial Stability Indicators |
---|
Loans-to-Deposits Ratio |
Non-Performing Loans Ratio |
Base Money (M2) (y-o-y,%) |
Bank Loan Growth Rates (y-o-y,%) |
Total External Debt (USD billion) |
International Reserves (excluding gold) (USD billion) |
Bank Net Foreign Assets (USD billion) |
Bank Foreign Assets (USD billion) |
Bank Foreign Liabilities (USD billion) |
Government Credit Indicators |
Central Bank 1-Year Lending Rate (%) |
Fiscal Balance (USD billion) |
Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) |
Total Government Debt (USD billion) |
Government LCY Bonds (USD billion) |
Government FCY Debt (USD billion) |
Total Government Debt (% of GDP) |
BIS Data: External positions of reporting banks vis-a-vis individual countries (USD millions) |
Net Assets vis-Ã -vis Hong Kong, China |
Assets vis-Ã -vis Hong Kong, China |
Liabilities vis-Ã -vis Hong Kong, China |
Memo Item |
FX Rate (HKD-USD) -- End Period |
FX Rate (HKD-USD) -- Period Average |
2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
  | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
51.87 | 50.46 | 54.24 | 51.54 | 61.61 | 66.93 | 67.10 | 70.36 | 72.21 | 70.09 | 68.42 |
0.85 | 0.65 | 0.84 | 0.92 | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 0.72 |
19.20 | 18.10 | (1.30) | 10.70 | 7.80 | 4.60 | 12.10 | 5.70 | 9.00 | 10.30 | 8.90 |
6.74 | 20.01 | 10.94 | 0.09 | 28.56 | 20.17 | 9.57 | 15.99 | 12.68 | 3.55 | 6.49 |
512.86 | 691.41 | 659.99 | 668.63 | 803.61 | 984.80 | 1,046.55 | 1,160.66 | 1,301.05 | 1,300.31 | n.a. |
133.17 | 152.65 | 182.48 | 255.74 | 268.64 | 285.30 | 317.23 | 311.11 | 328.43 | 358.75 | 386.16 |
268.43 | 322.05 | 284.15 | 249.83 | 225.02 | 231.40 | 260.12 | 294.60 | 292.95 | 250.28 | 280.97 |
621.06 | 798.62 | 788.54 | 747.90 | 829.92 | 919.23 | 984.60 | 1,132.77 | 1,220.74 | 1,254.81 | 1,351.12 |
352.63 | 476.57 | 504.39 | 498.07 | 604.89 | 687.83 | 724.48 | 838.17 | 927.79 | 1,004.53 | 1,070.15 |
  | ||||||||||
6.75 | 5.75 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
4.29 | 12.65 | 1.61 | 1.42 | 2.76 | 6.18 | 4.04 | 5.62 | 1.03 | 8.75 | 4.23 |
2.22 | 5.98 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 1.21 | 2.48 | 1.54 | 2.04 | 0.35 | 2.83 | 1.32 |
18.61 | 19.23 | 22.03 | 71.00 | 88.53 | 91.95 | 94.86 | 109.87 | 110.75 | 122.04 | n.a. |
16.94 | 17.52 | 20.34 | 69.58 | 87.11 | 90.56 | 93.46 | 108.48 | 109.49 | 119.64 | 137.23 |
1.67 | 1.71 | 1.69 | 1.42 | 1.42 | 1.39 | 1.40 | 1.39 | 1.26 | 2.40 | n.a. |
38.92 | 42.09 | 43.69 | 42.99 | 40.17 | 34.25 | 33.68 | 33.10 | 32.52 | 32.52 | 32.52 |
  | ||||||||||
(25) | (378) | (294) | (206) | (59) | (25) | (30) | 83 | 76 | (337) | n.a. |
226 | 286 | 309 | 317 | 426 | 470 | 463 | 576 | 611 | 778 | n.a. |
466 | 664 | 603 | 523 | 485 | 495 | 493 | 493 | 535 | 1,114 | n.a. |
  | ||||||||||
7.78 | 7.80 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.77 | 7.77 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.76 |
7.77 | 7.80 | 7.79 | 7.75 | 7.77 | 7.78 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.76 |
( ) = negative, BIS = Bank for International Settlements, FCY = foreign currency, FX = foreign exchange, GDP = gross domestic product, LCY = local currency, n.a. = not available, y-o-y = year-on-year.
Financial Stability Indicators |
---|
Loans-to-Deposits Ratio |
Non-Performing Loans Ratio |
Total External Debt (USD billion) |
BIS Data: External positions of reporting banks vis-a-vis individual countries (USD millions) |
Net Assets vis-Ã -vis Hong Kong, China |
Assets vis-Ã -vis Hong Kong, China |
Liabilities vis-Ã -vis Hong Kong, China |
1Q 2009 | 2Q 2009 | 3Q 2009 | 4Q 2009 | 1Q 2010 | 2Q 2010 | 3Q 2010 | 4Q 2010 | 1Q 2011 | 2Q 2011 | 3Q 2011 | 4Q 2011 | 1Q 2012 | 2Q 2012 | 3Q 2012 | 4Q 2012 | 1Q 2013 | 2Q 2013 | 3Q 2013 | 4Q 2013 | 1Q 2014 | 2Q 2014 | 3Q 2014 | 4Q 2014 | 1Q 2015 | 2Q 2015 | 3Q 2015 | 4Q 2015 | 1Q 2016 | 2Q 2016 | 3Q 2016 | 4Q 2016 |
  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
52.60 | 51.06 | 51.02 | 51.54 | 54.45 | 59.39 | 61.25 | 61.61 | 64.16 | 66.59 | 68.68 | 66.93 | 67.75 | 69.01 | 68.23 | 67.10 | 68.70 | 71.88 | 71.86 | 70.36 | 74.29 | 73.59 | 72.68 | 72.21 | 73.30 | 72.74 | 70.93 | 70.09 | 68.56 | 69.69 | 67.29 | 68.42 |
1.00 | 1.01 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.78 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.72 |
634.87 | 630.55 | 647.34 | 668.63 | 678.35 | 689.26 | 754.71 | 803.61 | 903.66 | 967.06 | 1,016.90 | 984.80 | 1,025.39 | 1,029.67 | 1,001.25 | 1,046.55 | 1,033.87 | 1,067.20 | 1,109.22 | 1,160.66 | 1,234.74 | 1,286.55 | 1,280.27 | 1,301.05 | 1,319.63 | 1,347.30 | 1,307.82 | 1,300.31 | 1,264.21 | 1,279.63 | 1,337.65 | n.a. |
  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(292) | (253) | (234) | (206) | (172) | (124) | (118) | (59) | (17) | 16 | 35 | (25) | (28) | (14) | (44) | (30) | 23 | 32 | 54 | 83 | 134 | 107 | 102 | 76 | 35 | 27 | (11) | (337) | (335) | (313) | (388) | n.a. |
290 | 294 | 299 | 317 | 335 | 358 | 378 | 426 | 443 | 484 | 512 | 470 | 463 | 456 | 446 | 463 | 473 | 472 | 514 | 576 | 631 | 639 | 619 | 611 | 620 | 649 | 608 | 778 | 750 | 770 | 772 | n.a. |
582 | 548 | 532 | 523 | 507 | 482 | 495 | 485 | 459 | 469 | 476 | 495 | 491 | 470 | 489 | 493 | 450 | 441 | 460 | 493 | 497 | 532 | 517 | 535 | 585 | 622 | 619 | 1,114 | 1,084 | 1,083 | 1,160 | n.a. |
( ) = negative, BIS = Bank for International Settlements, FX = foreign exchange, n.a. = not available.
Financial Stability Indicators |
---|
Broad Money (M2) (y-o-y,%) |
International Reserves (excluding gold) (USD billion) |
Bank Net Foreign Assets (USD billion) |
Bank Foreign Assets (USD billion) |
Bank Foreign Liabilities (USD billion) |
Government Credit Indicators |
Base Rate |
Government LCY Bonds (USD billion) |
Memo Item |
FX Rate (HKD-USD) -- End Period |
FX Rate (HKD-USD) -- Period Average |
Jan-09 | Feb-09 | Mar-09 | Apr-09 | May-09 | Jun-09 | Jul-09 | Aug-09 | Sep-09 | Oct-09 | Nov-09 | Dec-09 | Jan-10 | Feb-10 | Mar-10 | Apr-10 | May-10 | Jun-10 | Jul-10 | Aug-10 | Sep-10 | Oct-10 | Nov-10 | Dec-10 | Jan-11 | Feb-11 | Mar-11 | Apr-11 | May-11 | Jun-11 | Jul-11 | Aug-11 | Sep-11 | Oct-11 | Nov-11 | Dec-11 | Jan-12 | Feb-12 | Mar-12 | Apr-12 | May-12 | Jun-12 | Jul-12 | Aug-12 | Sep-12 | Oct-12 | Nov-12 | Dec-12 | Jan-13 | Feb-13 | Mar-13 | Apr-13 | May-13 | Jun-13 | Jul-13 | Aug-13 | Sep-13 | Oct-13 | Nov-13 | Dec-13 | Jan-14 | Feb-14 | Mar-14 | Apr-14 | May-14 | Jun-14 | Jul-14 | Aug-14 | Sep-14 | Oct-14 | Nov-14 | Dec-14 | Jan-15 | Feb-15 | Mar-15 | Apr-15 | May-15 | Jun-15 | Jul-15 | Aug-15 | Sep-15 | Oct-15 | Nov-15 | Dec-15 | Jan-16 | Feb-16 | Mar-16 | Apr-16 | May-16 | Jun-16 | Jul-16 | Aug-16 | Sep-16 | Oct-16 | Nov-16 | Dec-16 |
  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.30 | (1.10) | 3.30 | 3.90 | 8.20 | 13.50 | 14.00 | 13.60 | 14.40 | 14.60 | 14.40 | 10.70 | 9.50 | 10.80 | 9.80 | 13.00 | 4.60 | 3.30 | 4.40 | 5.30 | 8.90 | 14.80 | 7.20 | 7.80 | 9.80 | 8.00 | 7.40 | 6.10 | 11.50 | 8.50 | 9.40 | 7.00 | (0.30) | (3.70) | 3.60 | 4.60 | 5.60 | 9.90 | 7.50 | 5.70 | 4.60 | 6.20 | 5.10 | 8.60 | 11.00 | 10.00 | 11.00 | 12.10 | 14.10 | 8.50 | 9.20 | 9.30 | 11.10 | 9.60 | 9.00 | 8.10 | 9.60 | 8.00 | 7.40 | 5.70 | 2.40 | 8.60 | 7.10 | 8.60 | 10.00 | 13.10 | 15.10 | 13.90 | 9.70 | 10.30 | 8.70 | 9.00 | 10.30 | 6.40 | 15.20 | 14.30 | 14.30 | 12.30 | 9.20 | 10.00 | 10.10 | 10.20 | 10.90 | 10.30 | 8.30 | 8.70 | 3.60 | 2.70 | 1.40 | 2.20 | 4.80 | 6.30 | 7.80 | 8.10 | 8.70 | 8.90 |
181.65 | 177.03 | 186.23 | 193.35 | 205.06 | 206.93 | 218.04 | 223.21 | 226.83 | 240.01 | 256.18 | 255.74 | 256.99 | 258.16 | 258.75 | 259.17 | 256.10 | 256.71 | 260.65 | 261.32 | 266.01 | 266.97 | 265.96 | 268.64 | 273.09 | 272.59 | 272.52 | 276.82 | 275.77 | 277.11 | 278.71 | 279.45 | 277.50 | 281.60 | 282.42 | 285.30 | 292.69 | 294.58 | 294.49 | 295.48 | 291.77 | 294.85 | 296.16 | 298.08 | 301.10 | 301.62 | 305.09 | 317.23 | 304.56 | 304.67 | 303.69 | 306.41 | 305.62 | 303.50 | 299.81 | 303.81 | 303.41 | 309.50 | 308.58 | 311.11 | 312.15 | 315.83 | 316.78 | 317.65 | 320.14 | 320.85 | 324.95 | 331.24 | 325.68 | 325.42 | 327.85 | 328.43 | 324.74 | 332.44 | 332.13 | 343.13 | 344.78 | 340.69 | 339.83 | 334.36 | 345.72 | 356.98 | 355.70 | 358.75 | 356.92 | 359.87 | 361.90 | 360.69 | 360.22 | 360.56 | 362.92 | 362.57 | 362.38 | 383.06 | 385.01 | 386.16 |
282.48 | 242.79 | 245.15 | 241.07 | 222.54 | 215.33 | 201.31 | 195.81 | 181.67 | 174.92 | 158.05 | 172.67 | 166.79 | 164.26 | 159.80 | 130.53 | 135.57 | 142.08 | 159.57 | 162.66 | 177.51 | 156.29 | 160.41 | 171.72 | 206.21 | 204.67 | 207.12 | 201.36 | 199.52 | 211.81 | 207.49 | 204.69 | 190.80 | 219.30 | 221.14 | 261.25 | 265.74 | 283.28 | 305.15 | 333.32 | 342.46 | 352.47 | 366.89 | 367.64 | 365.50 | 355.43 | 336.13 | 303.31 | 283.63 | 267.70 | 268.11 | 262.74 | 264.08 | 265.42 | 266.76 | 268.10 | 269.44 | 270.78 | 272.12 | 273.46 | 274.80 | 276.14 | 277.48 | 278.82 | 280.17 | 281.51 | 282.85 | 284.19 | 285.53 | 286.87 | 288.21 | 289.55 | 290.89 | 292.23 | 293.57 | 294.91 | 296.25 | 297.59 | 298.93 | 300.27 | 301.61 | 302.95 | 304.30 | 305.64 | 306.98 | 308.32 | 309.66 | 311.00 | 312.34 | 313.68 | 315.02 | 316.36 | 317.70 | 319.04 | 320.38 | 321.72 |
764.35 | 750.78 | 765.27 | 755.97 | 757.95 | 754.25 | 762.46 | 740.05 | 758.13 | 774.22 | 765.11 | 747.90 | 738.09 | 734.35 | 748.58 | 753.79 | 728.22 | 722.46 | 741.96 | 748.27 | 791.97 | 810.61 | 794.80 | 829.92 | 824.03 | 816.82 | 846.02 | 877.83 | 876.30 | 900.15 | 914.86 | 934.51 | 927.98 | 916.25 | 924.97 | 919.23 | 916.65 | 937.09 | 955.08 | 950.82 | 922.73 | 952.76 | 926.57 | 931.23 | 943.73 | 948.12 | 963.05 | 984.60 | 1,002.89 | 998.05 | 985.63 | 990.44 | 995.33 | 985.81 | 986.76 | 995.14 | 1,052.06 | 1,076.17 | 1,105.83 | 1,132.77 | 1,124.49 | 1,143.21 | 1,171.26 | 1,184.13 | 1,193.54 | 1,224.61 | 1,223.87 | 1,217.11 | 1,215.87 | 1,219.42 | 1,214.83 | 1,220.74 | 1,237.41 | 1,218.84 | 1,223.16 | 1,229.16 | 1,242.79 | 1,302.90 | 1,284.35 | 1,309.27 | 1,271.60 | 1,247.26 | 1,242.98 | 1,254.81 | 1,273.57 | 1,247.07 | 1,258.56 | 1,248.90 | 1,212.41 | 1,273.88 | 1,252.71 | 1,269.33 | 1,327.74 | 1,310.40 | 1,338.55 | 1,351.12 |
481.87 | 476.49 | 481.74 | 475.98 | 473.51 | 465.93 | 478.05 | 457.48 | 472.30 | 487.88 | 492.97 | 498.07 | 493.95 | 493.64 | 505.30 | 514.33 | 515.50 | 512.73 | 526.28 | 534.21 | 566.38 | 580.83 | 561.52 | 604.89 | 599.23 | 606.45 | 623.79 | 649.06 | 650.04 | 682.98 | 691.87 | 722.16 | 717.61 | 703.98 | 708.13 | 687.83 | 688.19 | 696.68 | 716.10 | 708.29 | 690.92 | 714.84 | 689.71 | 688.49 | 691.56 | 679.93 | 695.06 | 724.48 | 726.56 | 721.31 | 720.06 | 714.31 | 722.16 | 739.02 | 734.85 | 754.65 | 785.96 | 802.33 | 825.66 | 838.17 | 854.08 | 865.14 | 897.40 | 900.05 | 909.94 | 926.77 | 924.60 | 919.03 | 911.82 | 918.31 | 918.78 | 927.79 | 949.41 | 936.92 | 939.16 | 914.71 | 930.75 | 1,037.11 | 1,012.80 | 1,035.69 | 1,019.76 | 996.95 | 990.47 | 1,004.53 | 1,004.23 | 983.32 | 1,006.24 | 1,012.87 | 982.87 | 1,045.99 | 1,018.70 | 1,019.44 | 1,064.26 | 1,036.07 | 1,058.93 | 1,070.15 |
  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
22.66 | 25.30 | 28.24 | 29.23 | 31.96 | 37.21 | 45.18 | 50.45 | 53.74 | 56.71 | 61.45 | 69.58 | 74.33 | 77.58 | 80.37 | 82.83 | 85.43 | 85.68 | 85.96 | 85.85 | 86.55 | 86.93 | 86.78 | 87.11 | 86.86 | 86.98 | 87.59 | 87.73 | 87.95 | 87.95 | 89.10 | 89.54 | 89.56 | 89.77 | 90.18 | 90.56 | 90.92 | 90.92 | 90.82 | 90.82 | 91.24 | 92.87 | 92.91 | 92.93 | 92.96 | 93.03 | 93.43 | 93.46 | 96.32 | 98.52 | 100.36 | 102.85 | 104.89 | 107.48 | 107.76 | 107.98 | 107.99 | 108.05 | 108.46 | 108.48 | 108.47 | 108.94 | 109.01 | 109.46 | 109.47 | 109.55 | 108.53 | 109.96 | 110.20 | 110.36 | 109.47 | 109.49 | 109.80 | 109.95 | 110.58 | 111.01 | 110.34 | 109.09 | 109.16 | 112.43 | 113.09 | 116.20 | 119.26 | 119.64 | 122.83 | 123.03 | 123.42 | 126.52 | 128.49 | 130.53 | 134.35 | 135.95 | 137.61 | 138.18 | 138.52 | 137.23 |
  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7.75 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.79 | 7.79 | 7.77 | 7.78 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.77 | 7.77 | 7.80 | 7.79 | 7.78 | 7.77 | 7.78 | 7.78 | 7.79 | 7.79 | 7.79 | 7.77 | 7.77 | 7.77 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.77 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.77 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.77 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.79 | 7.78 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.77 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 |
7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.77 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.79 | 7.79 | 7.78 | 7.77 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.77 | 7.78 | 7.79 | 7.79 | 7.77 | 7.77 | 7.79 | 7.79 | 7.80 | 7.79 | 7.78 | 7.78 | 7.78 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.75 | 7.78 | 7.78 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 7.76 |
( ) = negative, BIS = Bank for International Settlements, FCY = foreign currency, FX = foreign exchange, GDP = gross domestic product, LCY = local currency, n.a. = not available, y-o-y = year-on-year.
1. NPL ratios are based on assets of retail banks.
2. Loans-to-Deposits Ratio and Loan Growth are based on financial data from authorized institutions.
3. FX Rate -- Period Average is based on daily data for the relevant period.
Source:Â HKMA, budget.gov.hk, Census and Statistics Department, CEIC, Bloomberg LP, IMF, and BIS.